Steady-state state-of-charge RMSE, in percent of capacity, for every cell-level estimator across the twelve fault scenarios. Darker is worse. Switch plants, sort by any column, hover a cell for the number. Lower is better everywhere.
div in the source data marks a run that diverged in at least one seed; blank cells are scenarios not defined on that plant.





A 0.5 µs EKF that adapts its measurement noise and bounds its memory, with a gated capacity state and an independent Coulomb counter beside it on a calibrated current sensor, has no failure scenario in this benchmark on either plant. The full argument — eight design rules and a reference architecture — is in the report's recommendations chapter.
Read the recommendations →